2023 Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Address: 2918 West Capitol Street, Jackson, Mississippi. Address: 3671, 10801 Dolphin Ln, Gulfport, Mississippi. Developed over tens of thousands of years by the river's meanders, the plain once contained the largest forested wetland ecosystem in North America. Mississippi State Capitol 400 High St Jackson, MS 39201 (601) 359-3114 Founded in 1903, the seat of Mississippi's government is a National Historic Landmark. The museum includes artifacts belonging to Davis, as well as items from the former veteran's home, and Civil War artifacts. These and other Delta counties have experienced population decline for a variety of reasons, in addition to high unemployment. At least one of the birth places of bluegrass is the Ozark Mountains, thus its fitting that Arkansas has a slew of annual bluegrass f Arkansas lays at least partial claim to birthplace of bluegrass, but also the blues. Its a large rehabilitation and research center with a cool interactive museum that educates visitors about sea life. Recommended Hotel Nearby: Monmouth Historic Inn, 401 High StNatchez, MS 39120(601) 442-6282. It was completed in 1823 and served as the home of Peter and Eliza Little, and exhibits within include several personal items, as well as some original furniture. The CALS Foundation is a 501(c)(3) organization. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. These two waterways separate the West Gulf Coastal Plain from the relatively recent stream deposits of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. Historically, most of the oil production has been in Union, Lafayette, Columbia, and Ouachita counties; these four counties have been responsible for more than eighty-five percent of the oil production in Arkansas. West Gulf Coastal Plain - Encyclopedia of Arkansas Major support provided through a partnership with the Arkansas Department of Parks & Tourism. Relatively little information exists on fish abundance and distribution in riparian wetlands of the Arkansas River, ranging from contiguous backwaters to intermittently connected and isolated floodplain wetlands. These counties have relatively high rates of unemployment and few or no positive features to reverse the trend of population decline, according to Combs. The rivers natural legacy can be seen in the regions remnant wetlands and many oxbow lakes, including Arkansass largest natural lake, while its impact on human history is evidenced in historic river ports such as Osceola and Helena. Get a guided tour of the estate and discover how the former Confederate President, Jefferson Davis, lived his life. The basic types of operations and associated business considerations. These deposits are particularly important to brick companies in Hot Spring, Hempstead, and Miller counties. Follow the footsteps of the regions Native Americans and take in its scenic beauty. Must-See Attractions in Mississippi - Visit Mississippi Helenas Reach River Park provides a dramatic view from an elevated boardwalk of the river Mark Twain celebrated. This region, with its rolling topography and extensive areas of forest, provides more than fifty percent of the states total wood production. Holiday Inn Express Biloxi Beach Blvd, Holiday Inn Express & Suites Jackson Downtown Coliseum, Magnolia Bluffs Casino Hotel, BW Premier Collection, Residence Inn by Marriott Gulfport-Biloxi Airport, Cotton House, Cleveland, a Tribute Portfolio Hotel, Best Western Plus Jackson Downtown Coliseum, fun things to do in Mississippi with kids, Courtyard by Marriott Gulfport Beachfront, Best Western Plus Philadelphia-Choctaw Hotel and Suites, 35 Best Places to Visit in August in the USA, 35 Best Places to Visit in July in the USA, 35 Best Places to Visit in June in the USA, 35 Best Places to Visit in May in the USA. Indications are that these deeper deposits of oil (some 2,000 feet below existing deposits) can be tapped by fracturing rock, similar to the method used to extract natural gas in the Fayetteville Shale. Dunn's Falls. Pay your respects to the US military veterans and Union soldiers who lost their lives in the war by visiting the Vicksburg National Cemetery. Helena's Reach River Park provides a dramatic view from an elevated boardwalk of the river Mark Twain celebrated. 21 Most Beautiful Places to Visit in Mississippi - The Crazy Tourist Built in 1859, this extraordinary attraction is a remnant of the largest Greek Revival antebellum mansion ever made in Mississippi. Nearly one-third of the remaining bottomland hardwoods in the Arkansas Delta are found within the ten-year floodplain of the Cache and lower White rivers. Play your favorite games at the resorts casino or the arcade. Recommended Hotel Nearby: The Westin Jackson, 306 Elvis Presely DrTupelo, MS 38801(662) 841-1245. It was covered by the waters of the Gulf of Mexico until about 50 million years ago. Despite its gently sloping terrain and areas of relatively rich soil, it is a region dominated by forests and forestry-related activities rather than by agriculture. Donations made to the CALS Foundation are tax-deductible for United States federal income tax purposes. Arkansas is divided topographically into two major provinces along a northeast-southwest trending "fall line". After your informative tour, visit the Carriage House Restaurant, and indulge in fine and tantalizing southern food. Rate and review titles you borrow and share your opinions on them. Did you mean to type Theres also a music summer camp for kiddos and a wide range of events and traveling exhibits. This seismic zone is a prolific source of intra-plate earthquakes (earthquakes within a tectonic plate) in the southern and mid-western United States. The Alluvial Plain, flatter than any other region in the state, has elevations ranging from 100 to 300 feet above sea level. In the Delta, TNC is continuing its long history of partnering with public agencies, private landowners, businesses and organizations to restore land. The Sunken Trace at milepost 41.5 allows visitors to transport back to a time when the trace was only accessible by foot, over 200 years ago. Title VI Notice of Nondiscrimination Delta Is. Delta Cultural Center. . Known for its casino, this outstanding oceanfront resort offers a spa, 12 retail venues, 4 lounges and 10 restaurants. Lewisville (Lafayette County) is a good example, with a total population of only 1,280. King Museum and Delta Interpretive Center is an establishment that is dedicated to international blues music icon Riley B. With glistening white sands and warm waters, this beach in Biloxi guarantees a fun day out and a healthy dose of Vitamin Sea. Rodney, established in 1828, was once a flourishing town that almost became the capital of Mississippi. Stroll along the gorgeous beach and spot a bundle of creatures, including sea gulls and pelicans. All Rights Reserved. Situated in Vicksburg, this 1,852-acre park is filled with exhibits and remnants of Vicksburgs American Civil War Battle. And, make sure to see the wonderfully restored USS Cairo. On the 3rd floor, you may admire the buildings legislature meeting rooms. Shad, dead/cut herring and sunfish are common baits. Banker: Capacity Needed. Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, December 28, 2021, pp. The town also maintains a number of historic churches from the late 1800s. Built by plantation owner Frederick Stanton in 1857, the Greek Revival home and its grounds are now maintained by the Pilgrimage Garden Club. The Mississippi Alluvial Plain (a.k.a. Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley | NFWF A list of all Southern Regional Aquaculture Center factsheets (more than 150) are available at https://srac.t Discusses clientele, permitting, advertising, location, design and security, water source, concessions, time of operations, signs, and safety and liability.& One of the first things that every fledgling wildlife manager learns is that nutrition is the key to attracting and keeping big bucks. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2015. Known regionally as the Delta and stretching from Cairo, Ill., south to the Gulf of Mexico, the plain covers more than 15,000 square miles in Arkansas alone, including all or part of 27 of the states 75 counties. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. While the path spans across Tennessee, Alabama and Mississippi, most of its charm is in the Magnolia State. The eastern boundary of the West Gulf Coastal Plain is the Arkansas River as it extends from Little Rock (Pulaski County) to Pine Bluff (Jefferson County), and then Bayou Bartholomew from Pine Bluff to the Louisiana border. The term fall line has been used to describe this boundary where the more recent deposits of the plain meet the older, more resistant rocks of the Ouachita Mountains. Address: 800 W. Sunflower Road, Cleveland, Mississippi. More recently, an 8.66 carat diamond was found in April 2011. Arkansas Natural Area Planning. Address: 400 Second Street, Indianola, Mississippi. Theres also a 12.5-mile trail for those who want to stretch their legs. As part of the sale, the organization agreed to use the property as a free veterans home for confederate veterans, a facility that was open from 1903 until 1957. Famous for its impeccable charm, this Greek Revival mansion dazzles with its cast-iron railings and Corinthians columns. Recommended Hotel Nearby: Super 8 by Wyndham Booneville, 380 S Lamar StJackson, MS 39201(601) 960-1515. As you step inside the museum, youll discover over 180 aquatic animal species living in a massive 100,000-gallon aquarium. The other requirement of the sale was that the property remain a memorial to confederate soldiers and Jefferson Davis. Bottomland hardwood forests are common along and near streams. For more information, contact 501-918-3025 orcalsfoundation@cals.org. Since 1903, Beauvoir has housed the Confederate Presidential Library and Museum. The Elvis Presley Birthplace overflows with exhibits that pay tribute to its most famous resident. By using our website you are consenting to our use of cookies in accordance with our privacy policy. Founded originally in 1933, this educational, family-friendly attraction is the largest museum in Mississippi. The zoological park hosts special events throughout the year, and there is a rotating schedule of educational activities open to visitors and groups. Emptying Areas of the United States, 19901995. Journal of Geography 97 (1998): 108122. For more information, contact 501-918-3025 orcalsfoundation@cals.org. Charles E. Cichra, Michael P. Masser and Ronnie J. Gilbert, S. Reid Adams, Bradley S. Williams, Matt D. Schroeder, and Robert L. Clark University of Central Arkansas Department of Biology, Ben C. West, Andrea L. Cooper, and James B. Armstrong, Natural Heritage Tourism and Outdoor Recreation Home, The Ultimate Beginners Guide to Bird Watching, Tara Wildlife Doing Business as a Sustainable Recreation Destination, The Ecological Basis for the Conservation of Migratory Birds in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, Beryl Anthony Lower Ouachita Wildlife Management Area, Brewer Lake Cypress Creek Wildlife Management Area, Buffalo National River Wildlife Management Area. The museum also has a gift shop that sells blues and King-related souvenirs. Completed in 1848, this cast-iron lighthouse is the signature landmark of Biloxi. 4. Give a donation in someones name to mark a special occasion, honor a friend or colleague or remember a beloved family member. Hankins Mud Creek Upland Wildlife Management Area, Rex Hancock Black Swamp Wildlife Management Area, Rick Evans Grandview Prairie Wildlife Management Area, Scott Henderson Gulf Mountain Wildlife Management Area, Sheffield Nelson Dagmar Wildlife Management Area, Shirey Bay Rainey Brake Wildlife Management Area, Steve N. Wilson Raft Creek Bottoms Wildife Management Area, The University of Arkansas Pine Tree Experimental Station Wildlife Demonstration Area, W.E. Pre-European Exploration, Prehistory through 1540, European Exploration and Settlement, 1541 through 1802, Louisiana Purchase through Early Statehood, 1803 through 1860, Civil War through Reconstruction, 1861 through 1874, Post-Reconstruction through the Gilded Age, 1875 through 1900, Early Twentieth Century, 1901 through 1940, World War II through the Faubus Era, 1941 through 1967, Divergent Prosperity and the Arc of Reform, 19682022, https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/1432/, http://www.deltaculturalcenter.com/Learn/the-delta-is, https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/2384/, https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2021/dec/28/banker-capacity-needed/, https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2021/dec/27/deltas-cities-show-its-plight/, https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2021/dec/27/depression-poses-major-health-risk/, https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2021/dec/26/states-west-is-a-world-apart/, https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2021/dec/26/towns-in-delta-losing-people-hope-for-change/, https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2021/dec/28/with-covid-governments-role-in-delta-clearer/, https://digitalcommons.memphis.edu/etd/130/, Changing Climate and Changing Land (Grades 5-8), Arkansas Festivals of the Land (Grades 7-8). The plain is divided into (a) the Mississippi River Delta in the southern half of Louisiana and (b) the upper Mississippi Embayment running . Please enter a valid email address (formatted as name@company.com). The park offers tours and campsites to visit and stay. The Nature Conservancy is a nonprofit, tax-exempt charitable organization (tax identification number 53-0242652) under Section 501(c)(3) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. Stanton Hall is an irresistible National Historic Landmark. The Tupelo Automobile Museum was declared the official auto museum of the state of Mississippi in 2003, the culmination of 28 years of collecting by founders Frank Spain and Max Berryhill. | The diamond, valued at approximately $100,000, was discovered in 1975. Moreover, most Americans perceive the Delta as flat and uninteresting, not a place to go for recreation, retirement, or a glamorous job, according to an article by Richard Lonsdale and J. Clark Archer. The collection also includes a Lincoln once owned by Elvis Presley. Within the museum, visitors will find information about Mississippi's wildlife and its many habitats. The Gulf Coastal Plain is an area of relatively gently sloping terrain extending across the southern portion of the United States from Texas to Georgia. Official site: http://www.nps.gov/natr/index.htm. Wetlands, areas where the periodic or permanent presence of water controls the characteristics of the environment and associated plants and animals, now cover approximately eight percent of Arkansass land surface. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Lynn Meadows Discovery Center is a colorful place where kids and adults can have fun, create and imagine. Cairo, 144 cannons and 1,325 historical monuments and markers. Delta) is a distinctive natural region, in part because of its flat surface configuration and the dominance of physical features created by the flow of large streams. The most extensive tree type in the region by far is the loblolly-shortleaf pine, usually found in combination with numerous hardwood types. Kids can find lots of things to do at the Wings Over the Prairie Festival. Arkansas Natural Heritage Tourism and Outdoor Recreation | Why not spend a day relishing the coastal beauty of Biloxi Beach? Among the best fishing areas are the junctures of the Mississippi and large tributaries like the St. Francis, White and Arkansas rivers. The area is approximately 29,000 square miles (19 million acres) and includes parts of the States of Missouri, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana.The U . Use heavy tackle rods 8 to 12 feet long, big level-wind reels and 30- to 100-pound line. The boundary between the Ouachita Mountains and the Coastal Plain is marked by rapids and waterfalls at points where streams leave the steeply sloping mountains. 209 Black Jack Rd #7746Philadelphia, MS 39350(601) 389-3100. They dont call Geyser Falls the states top amusement park for nothing. Forested Coastal Plain soils predominate in the region except along streams where bottomland and terrace soils are found. 14 Top-Rated Tourist Attractions in Arkansas | PlanetWare The need for fewer farm workers coupled with the absence of other job opportunities has been a significant contributing factor to the population decline and the economic depression that many Delta counties are experiencing. Plain created by the Mississippi River in the United States, "The Mississippi Alluvial Plain aquifersAn engine for economic activity", "Ordination and Classification of Bottomland Forests in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Plain", 10.2179/0008-7475(2007)72[105:OACOBF]2.0.CO;2, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mississippi_Alluvial_Plain&oldid=1118687270, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 October 2022, at 09:26. Through its museum and exhibits, youll also learn how this forest evolved. Through a savvy guide, youll get a slew of fun tidbits about Presleys early life as you tour around the park. Strained race relations, poverty, and resistance to social change have tarnished the Deltas image and contributed to the absence of substantial economic development. Check out the Asbury Discovery Center, which is an exploratorium that lets you enjoy a close-up look of over 30 animals. These may occur along the New Madrid Seismic Zone. Ten countiesAshley, Union, Ouachita, Columbia, Nevada, Hempstead, Bradley, Calhoun, Lafayette, and Millerproduce oil. The Parkway is also a designated bicycle route with incredible views and photo opportunities. The restored ship is now on display, as well as thousands of recovered artifacts. The Gulf Islands National Seashore extends from Cat Island in Mississippi to the eastern tip of Santa Rosa Island in Florida. The wetlands of the Delta offer an internationally important winter habitat for migratory water fowl. You may also explore the capitol grounds, and see the Women of the Confederacy monument and Liberty Bell replica. All Rights Reserved. Information on the area can be obtained from the Tyler Bend Visitor Center. Hubert B. Stroud Address: 2918 W. Capitol Street, Jackson, Mississippi, Read More: Top-Rated Tourist Attractions in Jackson, MS. Protecting the remaining wetlands and encouraging the restoration of some former wetland areas are significant natural resource conservation issues. The Arkansas Delta: Land of Paradox. Renowned for its hunting, Tara Wildlife also offers birding, hiking and a well-equipped conference and recreation facility. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2022. It is the largest ecoregion of Louisiana, covering 12,350 square miles (32,000km2), and including all of the historic Mississippi River floodplain. Today, its one of the top places to go in Mississippi for history buffs. The USS Cairo, which is on display at Vicksburg National Military Park, was sunk the same year it was commissioned. Let your kids learn about the state through a variety of hand-on exhibits. ? 10801 Dolphin LnGulfport, MS 39503(228) 896-9182. Hubert B. Stroud Probasco, Susan E. Delta Memories and Delta Days: Facets of Ladies Lives as Revealed to a Southern Daughter. MA thesis, Louisiana State University, 2003. Mississippi Alluvial Plain - Encyclopedia of Arkansas Bottomland hardwood forests provide a number of ecosystem services, including water quality protection, carbon sequestration and economic benefits. The Old Capitol Museum beckons photography enthusiasts with its copper dome and classy Greek Revival design. Agricultural activities are limited to pastureland, truck farming, and limited row crops within narrow fertile valleys adjacent to the major streams flowing through the region. The Mississippi Alluvial Plain ecoregion has been subdivided into fifteen Level IV ecoregions. [1], The plain is divided into (a) the Mississippi River Delta in the southern half of Louisiana and (b) the upper Mississippi Embayment running from central Louisiana to Illinois.[2]. Not Enough Hunters, Fee Fishing - Location, Site Development and Other Considerations, Preparing Deer Hunting Spring Food Plots For Big Bucks, Abundance and Distribution of Fishes in Riparian Wetlands of the Arkansas River, A Guide to Successful Wildlife Food Plots - Blending Science with Common Sense, Resource Analytical & Management Group, LLC, Weyerhaeuser Outdoor Recreational Leases - Arkansas-Oklahoma-Texas, Weyerhaeuser Outdoor Recreational Leases - Gulf Region, Buck Island, a Newly Conserved Mississippi River Destination Near Helena, Arkansas, Landscape Architects / Land Planning (1), Rich Mountain Country Store, Cafe & RV Park, Quapaw Canoe Company in Helena offers canoe excursions on the "Mighty Mississippi", Methyl Mercury in Sportfish - Information for Fish Consumers. Depression Poses Major Health Risk. Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, December 27, 2021, p. 4A. Relatively small plots of natural vegetation remain along streams, in areas unsuitable for agriculture, or within areas protected from clearing and development. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}34N 91W / 34N 91W / 34; -91. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. This museum focuses on the life and work of one of the most influential blues artists of all time and on the birth of blues itself in the Mississippi Delta. Spend some time exploring the mansions grounds, and take photographs of its Insta-worthy columns. The Mississippi Alluvial Plain is one of the most productive agricultural regions in the Nation and depends on groundwater for irrigation. Cemeteries 7. These divisions are the Gulf Coastal Plains and the Mississippi Alluvial Plain, also known as "The Delta." The Delta View Trail is located within the "Coastal Plains" and is characterized by gently sloping hills. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Recommended Hotel Nearby: Gulf Hills Hotel & Retreat on the Water. Resting along the Gulf of Mexico, this 135,457.89-acre park provides endless outdoor pursuits and recreation. Lonsdale, Richard, and J. Clark Archer. The flat land of the Delta is also influenced by other streams and rivers, such as the Arkansas, St. Francis, White, and Yazoo Rivers. They Were Her Daughters: Women and Grassroots Organizing for Social Justice in the Arkansas Delta, 18701970. PhD diss., University of Memphis, 2010. The natural vegetation of the Gulf Coastal Plain consists of a mixed forest cover. Additional support provided by the Arkansas General Assembly. There are several visitor centers within the Gulf Islands National Seashore that offer a variety of things to do. The Arkansas Delta is one of the six natural regions of the state of Arkansas. The remaining 4.4. million forested acresoften in small fragmentsprovide vital habitat for black bears, songbirds, alligator snapping turtles and abundant game species. And, dont forget to catch a show or concert at the Beau Ridge Theatre this weekend. Although a little small, this 12-acre zoo in Hattiesburg is incredibly interesting and entertaining. Address: 2244 Beach Blvd, Biloxi, Mississippi. Various mixtures of hardwoods are present throughout the southern part of the state. Online at https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2021/dec/28/with-covid-governments-role-in-delta-clearer/ (accessed January 20, 2022). Also, drop by the galleries with exhibits that tell stories of this monumental movement. Aspiring musicians will particularly enjoy the interactive creation pods where you can write, record, and produce your own music, which will then become part of the museum's archives. The Mississippi State Capitol and Old Capitol Museum. Built in 1848, this Biloxi landmark was the post-war home of a notable figure in American history. States West Is a World Apart. Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, December 26, 2021, pp. Another contributing factor to the population loss in the Delta is agricultural mechanization. http://www.deltaculturalcenter.com/Learn/the-delta-is (accessed January 20, 2022). Stroud, Hubert B., and Gerald T. Hanson. The Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley is the nation's largest floodplain, covering more than 24 million acres across portions Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri and Tennessee. The majority of Arkansass wetlands, occupying a diverse physiographic setting, are often riverine and depressional wetlands associated with the floodplains of the Mississippi River and its major tributaries. There are daily guided tours here every day from 9 to 10 in the morning. It's northern terminus is on the Arctic coast of Alaska and its southern end in Patagonia. This oasis gives you a rare chance to admire the remains of a former massive forest that was turned into stone. Donations made to the CALS Foundation are tax-deductible for United States federal income tax purposes. Copyright 2023 PlanetWare Inc. All rights reserved. Mississippi is filled with beauty and immersed in history, so it should come as no surprise that people travel from all over the world to visit our state. The Southern Region covers thirteen states--a vast area stretching from Texas on the western side, Virginia on the north, and down to Puerto Rico on the south. Wetlands of Arkansas serve many important functions in addition to being a vital wildlife habitat, including flood storage and flood prevention, natural water quality improvement (sediment traps, for example), shoreline erosion protection, groundwater recharge, recreational opportunities, and aesthetic beauty. This project is funded in part by a National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) Sustaining the Humanities through the American Rescue Plan grant award. Other exhibits include a large fossil collection and an extensive look at native white-tailed deer. Learn more about the natural world through the museums detailed and fascinating exhibits. Our favorites here include the meringue pie, fresh bread and blueberry lemonade. These terraces are older than present bottomlands and represent former levels of bottomland through which streams have now eroded. We invite you to come back often to plan relaxing day trips, or weeks away, enjoying the Rural Bounty of North America. If youre looking for cheap attractions and things to see in Mississippi, youll love this deserted town. Tourists can also enjoy sightseeing as they pass through the state via the Natchez Trace Parkway, a scenic route that has many historic spots and picture-perfect outlooks. The MAP area constitutes the third largest area of irrigated cropland in the United States. This Illinois state location article is a stub. 72201. Even better, this ruined antebellum mansion is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. This is one of the best attractions in Mississippi for fans of the artist and his genre, making it a must-visit in Indianola. Data released from the 2010 census shows that the population decline is continuing within several Arkansas counties that are adjacent to or near the Mississippi River. The work of large rivers (including the Mississippi, Arkansas, White, and St. Francis rivers) and other smaller rivers and streams has played an important role in forming the character of the landscape. PDF Summary Table: Characteristics of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain - US EPA In addition to mammals, the park is home to some interesting birds, including ostriches, American flamingos, and Australia's kookaburra. The Magnolia State is one of those rare places where all these things come together to create a one-of-a-kind experience you won't soon forget. Industrially significant deposits of clay exist near the surface. 2023 Encyclopedia of Arkansas.