_____ When all substrates are used, the reaction stops. the catalase will only be able to interact with the single available hydrogen peroxide and the reaction will stop when it has . Common to all enzyme-catalysed reactions is the fact that a substrate becomes converted into a product and thus the aim of any assay is to observe the time-dependent formation of the product. The activity of an enzyme can be measured by monitoring either the rate at which a substrate disappears or the rate at which a product forms. ), { "18.00:_Prelude_to_Amino_Acids_Proteins_and_Enzymes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18.01:_Properties_of_Amino_Acids" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18.02:_Reactions_of_Amino_Acids" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18.03:_Peptides" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18.04:_Proteins" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18.05:_Enzymes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18.06:_Enzyme_Action" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18.07:_Enzyme_Activity" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18.08:_Enzyme_Inhibition" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18.09:_Enzyme_Cofactors_and_Vitamins" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18.E:_Amino_Acids_Proteins_and_Enzymes_(Exercises)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18.S:_Amino_Acids_Proteins_and_Enzymes_(Summary)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Chemistry_Matter_and_Measurement" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Elements_Atoms_and_the_Periodic_Table" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Ionic_Bonding_and_Simple_Ionic_Compounds" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Covalent_Bonding_and_Simple_Molecular_Compounds" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Introduction_to_Chemical_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Quantities_in_Chemical_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Energy_and_Chemical_Processes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Solutions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Acids_and_Bases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Nuclear_Chemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Organic_Chemistry_-_Alkanes_and_Halogenated_Hydrocarbons" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Unsaturated_and_Aromatic_Hydrocarbons" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_Organic_Compounds_of_Oxygen" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15:_Organic_Acids_and_Bases_and_Some_of_Their_Derivatives" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16:_Carbohydrates" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "17:_Lipids" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18:_Amino_Acids_Proteins_and_Enzymes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "19:_Nucleic_Acids" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "20:_Energy_Metabolism" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "authorname:anonymous", "program:hidden", "licenseversion:40", "source@https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/introduction-to-chemistry-general-organic-and-biological", "enzyme activity" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FIntroductory_Chemistry%2FBasics_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Ball_et_al. With 20 people at the stand, the rate would still be 10 arrivals in 10 minutes. d. _____ The substrate is changed in the reaction. The excess substrate molecules cannot react until the substrate already bound to the enzymes has reacted and been released (or been released without reacting). A. [citation needed] Compare the activation energy with and without the enzyme. This is because there are more number of substrate molecules ready to undergo biochemical reaction. The Michaelis -Menten model of enzyme kinetics was derived for single substrate reactions. Enzymes are not permanently changed in the chemicalreactions in Once all of the substrate is bound, the reaction will no longer speed up, since there will be nothing for additional enzymes to bind to. After the reaction is complete the enzyme will _. Kustom Service Pearlescent Blue Crystal 30ml - Newtype As the pH increases towards the 8, the reaction rate increases until near a pH of 8, it peaks. Enzymes are highly specific, only one substrate or a group of substrates will 'fit' into the enzyme. See answer (1) Best Answer Copy Reactions stop because after time there are less reactants so the chemical reaction starts to slow down. The TMB stop solution will stop TMB and HRP (horseradish peroxidase) reaction by adding the same volume as the TMB substrate added to each well. a) What is the optimal pH for pepsin? For example, the optimum pH for pepsin, an enzyme that is active in the stomach, is 2.0. Answer: B. Enzymes typically increase the rate of a reaction by 10 7 - 10 14 -fold. This page titled 18.7: Enzyme Activity is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Anonymous via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. The activity of an enzyme is influenced by certain aspects such as temperature, pH, co-factors, activators, and inhibitors. In endpoint assays, the substrate reaction can be stopped using equal volumes of 1 N HCl, 0.6 N sulfuric acid, or one of the stop solutions (ab171529 and ab171531). In chemistry, a substrate is typically the chemical species being observed in a chemical reaction, which reacts with a reagent to generate a product.It can also refer to a surface on which other chemical reactions are performed, or play a supporting role in a variety of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Ten taxis (enzyme molecules) are waiting at a taxi stand to take people (substrate) on a 10-minute trip to a concert hall, one passenger at a time. d. The substrate is changed in the reaction. How does substrate enzyme interaction occurs? TMB (3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine) soluble substrates yield a blue color when detecting HRP. The TMB substrate reacts with immobilized horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated antibodies to produce a blue solution. High lot-to-lot consistency. As there are less and less reactants the chemical. Group of answer choices: a) Enzymes are nonspecific b) Enzymes speed up the rates of chemical reactions c) Enzymes require a lot of energy to synthesize d) Enzymes are not important in biological systems E) Reactants in enzyme-catalyzed reactions are called substrates F) Enzymes lower the activation energy of reaction G) Enzymes change G of Matschinsky, F. M., Rujanavech, C., Pagliara, A. All of the protocols I have used so far the TMB substrate reaction has been stopped by adding an acidic . Compare the activation energy with and without the enzyme. This is . 4) pH b. A substrate binds to the active site of an . However, this enhancement of reaction is limited. A substance that helps a chemical reaction to occur is a catalyst, and the special molecules that catalyze biochemical reactions are called enzymes. substrate: A reactant in a chemical reaction is called a substrate when acted upon by an enzyme. Outside of this zone, they are less effective. ii. K +1, K -1 and K +2 being the rate constants from equation (7). At 0C and 100C, the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions is nearly zero. e) _____ Competitive inhibitors bind to the substrates. Enzyme concentration: Increasing enzyme concentration will speed up the reaction, as long as there is substrate available to bind to. 2. b. Factors affecting enzyme action - BBC Bitesize Enzymes work best at optimal temperature and pH values. For example, the enzyme, pepsin, in your stomach must be able to function in a highly acidic environment to break peptide bonds found in proteins. Product Use: 1. e. _____ If the shape of the enzyme changed, it would no longer work. Enzymes are reusable. Increase in substrate concentration can enhance the reaction rate. Stop Solution is a used to terminate the enzyme substrate reaction for ELISA applications after attaining the desired color intensity which is an indication of analyte level. It should be stated however that because of HRPs notoriously low specificity for compatible electron-donor-substrate candidates, it became possible over the years for the development of many chemical-structure-variable chromogenic . As more substrate was added the reaction was faster. Introduction: An Enzyme is a protein, which is capable of starting a chemical reaction, which involves the formation or breakage of chemical bonds. _____ Enzymes interact with many different substrates. Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the reaction's activation energy . Long shelf life up to 36 months. Wood subfloors can have moisture issues, especially particleboard or OSB (oriented strand board . repeat. An enzyme can be reused with a new substrate. An enzyme's function is dependent on its ______. Read absorbance at 450 nm within 60 minutes. Boiling the temperature will _ the rate of reaction. THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON REACTION RATES - chemguide The enzyme concentration should usually be no more than 1% of any of small molecules (substrate, cofactors, etc.) The median value of this pH range is called the optimum pH of the enzyme (part (b) of Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)). (b) This graph shows the effect of enzyme concentration on the reaction rate at a constant level of substrate. substitution reaction, any of a class of chemical reactions in which an atom, ion, or group of atoms or ions in a molecule is replaced by another atom, ion, or group. An enzyme catalyzes a reaction only in the presence of a substrate. 1. Enzymes act on substrates. Label the enzyme, substrate, active site, and products on diagram. The binding of an inhibitor can stop a substrate from entering the enzyme's active site and/or hinder the enzyme from catalyzing its reaction. Compare the activation energy with and without the enzyme. Home / Expert Answers / Chemistry / can-you-please-explain-this-predict-the-substrate-for-the-reaction-shown-below-protection-pa584. Compare the activation energy with and without the enzyme. However, when kinetic analysis of the enzyme-substrate reaction is used, a substrate _____ The substrate is changed in the reaction. The Effect of substrate concentration on enzyme action. DNA is _ stranded Substitution reaction | chemical reaction | Britannica _____ The substrate is changed in the reaction. Compare the activation energy with and without the enzyme. In these types of reactions, the all the . _____ When all substrates are used, the reaction stops. It lets you spray nests with a 27 ft. Wasping first originated in Ohio, where an inspector with the Summit County Sheriff's Office said people were using the wasp killer to get high. Drug Development and Drug Interactions | Table of Substrates 2. The enzyme substrate complex is a temporary molecule formed when an enzyme comes into perfect contact with its substrate. This means that for each reaction, there does not need to be a 1:1 ratio between enzyme and substrate molecules. A series of NMR titrations was performed to explore the interactions between the substrates and ethanol cosolvents. Compare the activation energy with and without the enzyme. 6) The following substrate concentration [S] versus time data were obtained during an enzymecatalysed reaction: t = 0 min, [ S] = 1.00 M; 20 min, 0.90 M; 60 min, 0.70 M; 100 M, 0.50 M; 160 min, 0.20 M. What is the order of this reaction with respect to S in the concentration range studied? as soon as the gas syringe passes the 30cm3 mark stop the stopwatch and note the elapsed time down to the nearest 1/10th of a second. When animals go into hibernation in winter, their body temperature drops, decreasing the rates of their metabolic processes to levels that can be maintained by the amount of energy stored in the fat reserves in the animals tissues. In this case, the enzyme and the substrate do not recognize each other, so there will be no reaction. the substrate it works on, the chemical reaction it catalyzes Ends with -ase Examples of enzymes sucrase, lactase, maltase, pepsin Sucrose dissacharide that must be broken down into its individual sugars to be used by our body Sucrase enzyme that allows sucrose to be broken down quickly \[\text{Rate of reaction} = \frac{\text . Enzymes bind with chemical reactants called substrates. . If the number of people at the stand is increased to 10, the rate increases to 10 arrivals in 10 minutes. A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme. Synthetic Methods in Drug Discovery: Volume 1 - Royal Society of Chemistry (See Recommended Stop Solution). Enzymes speed up chemical reactions; in some cases, enzymes can make a chemical reaction millions of times faster than it would have been without it. The TMB substrate reacts with immobilized horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated antibodies to produce a blue solution. Recommendations. The substrate must also be free of cracks wide enough to telegraph through the flooring material. This is true for any catalyst; the reaction rate increases as the concentration of the catalyst is increased. Inhibitor binding is either reversible or irreversible. Substrate solution or stop solution is not fresh Use fresh substrate solution. 24. repeat. without en Identify the part of the graph that shows: B IA a) L overall energy released during reaction b) Activation energy with enzyme Activation energy . What is wrong with the following program? Answer: D. Chapter 20, Objective 22: In addition to pyruvate, name two other classes of compounds that can be used to as substrates for anaplerotic reactions. An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to enzymes and decreases their activity. b. Enzymes change shape after a reaction occurs. when all substrates are used, the reaction stops You also need to stop the enzyme reaction, otherwise it will continue processing all of the substrate regardless of the amount of enzyme. Compare the activation energy with and without the enzyme. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. This intermediate complex allows the ATP to transfer its third phosphate group, with its energy, to the substrate, a process called phosphorylation. An enzyme can be reused with a new substrate. Enzymes speed up the reaction by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to start. Enzymes speed up the reaction by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to start. Glucose and galactose are bonded together in the lactose molecule, and lactase assists in the process of separating them through a mechanism In others, two substrates may come together to create one larger molecule. Also within the scope of bacterial metabolism is the study of the uptake and . They speed up chemical reactions that would otherwise, Enzymes don't change or become used up during, enzymes ________ the energy that is necessary for a reaction to occur (__________ __________), the substrate it works on, the chemical reaction it catalyzes, dissacharide that must be broken down into its individual sugars to be used by our body, enzyme that allows sucrose to be broken down quickly. 2. An increase in the concentration of substrate means that more of the enzyme molecules can be utilized. The rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction is calculated by measuring the rate at which a substrate is used up or by the rate at which a product is formed. reactions. _____ The substrate is changed in the reaction. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions; in some cases, enzymes can make a chemical reaction millions of times faster than it would have been without it. Because most enzymes are proteins, they are sensitive to changes in the hydrogen ion concentration or pH. Enzyme Kinetics 4 to 6 - Queen Mary University of London There may be one or more substrates for each type of enzyme, depending on the particular chemical reaction. While . If the shape of the enzyme changed it would no longer work. 2H 2 O 2 + Catalase >>> 2H 2 O + O 2. Transition state analogs (transition state analogues), are chemical compounds with a chemical structure that resembles the transition state of a substrate molecule in an enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction.Enzymes interact with a substrate by means of strain or distortions, moving the substrate towards the transition state. concentrations and volumes of components used in the assay (e.g., enzyme, buffer, substrate) the parameter(s) used to identify enzyme function (e.g., kinetics or end-point). This surface can include all biotic, abiotic components as well as animals. The rate would simply be higher (20 or 30 people in 10 minutes) before it leveled off. An increase in the concentration of substrate means that more of the enzyme molecules can be utilized. Compare the activation energy with and without the enzyme. The binding of the substrate to the active site bring the substrates closer and thus aids in bond formation in anabolic reaction. decrease. T or F: One enzyme can be used for many different types of chemical reactions. Instead the symbol [S] 0.5 or K 0.5 is often used to represent the substrate concentration giving half maximal velocity of the reaction catalyzed by an allosteric enzyme (Fig. So when the amount of available substrate exceeds the amount of enzymes, then no more substrate can be broken down. Catalase is a catalyst that breaks down hydrogen peroxide, which is the substrate,into oxygen (O2) and water (H2O), which are the products. 2) the concentration of substrates. values of the plate should be monitored and the reaction stopped before . 1) the concentration of available enzymes. An enzyme can be reused with a new substrate. Figure 18.7. In a chemical reaction, the step wherein a substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme is called an enzyme-substrate complex. Once the 5ml of hydrogen peroxide was put into the test tube with the liver, the reaction rate was slow. 08359311 | VAT No. Identify the part of the graph that shows: a) __C_ Overall energy released during reaction b) _A__ Activation An enzyme-substrate complex may result from the interaction of molecules of protein and. The active site is the area of the enzyme capable of . Compare the activation energy. You have to be careful not to take this too literally. Lactic acid fermentation - Wikipedia Enzymes speed up the reaction by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to start. . T or F: Adding more substrates will increase the rate of reaction. When used in a clinical DDI study, both bupropion and its metabolite hydroxybupropion should be measured and reported. It reduces or stops activity. Score: 4.3/5 (55 votes) . Enzyme names and classification. _____ Enzymes interact with many different substrates. Stop solution should be clear (if it has gone yellow, this is a sign of contamination and it should be replaced). Catalysts lower the activation energy for reactions. As you have seen, each enzyme has a certain temperature at which it is more active. An enzyme exhibits maximum activity over the narrow pH range in which a molecule exists in its properly charged form. Effect of PH on enzymes Therefore, e Write a test program that prompts the user to enter a decimal number and displays its binary equivalent. If the shape of the enzyme changed it would no longer work. Identify the part of the graph that shows: a) __C_ Overall energy released during reaction. The reactions take up too much space in the cell if the enzymes are missing. Since then, the development of genetic engineering has made it possible to modify enzymes by changing amino acids through gene recombination 4. Effects of Inhibitors on Enzyme Activity. Regulation of cellular respiration (article) | Khan Academy The Effect of substrate concentration on enzyme action. The combination formed by an enzyme and its substrates is called the enzyme-substrate complex. Compare the activation energy with and without the enzyme. Change concentration of substrates and products Lineweaver-Burk plot - Intercept (1/V max): the velocity at saturated substrate concentration It changes when the substrate A binds to a different enzyme form with the substrate B - Slope (K M/V max): the rate at low substrate concentration It changes when both A and B. RG Building & Landscape Services Ltdis an established family run business, with over 35 years combined experience in all aspects of building and construction for the private householder, commercial and corporate clients. You also need to stop the enzyme reaction, otherwise it will continue processing all of the substrate regardless of the amount of enzyme. When the substrate concentration increased from 10 to 25 g/L, the reducing sugar concentrations in the broth of the four chambers of the bioreactor all showed a continuous increasing trend.When the substrate concentration was 25 g/L, the reducing sugar concentration in the broth of reaction chamber 4 was 6.71 0.12 g/L.A large amount of substrate was lost from the bioreactor, which caused . For eg. Biology, 9th Edition - SILO.PUB Q10 = rate of reaction (x + 10) C / rate of reaction at xC. Enzymes speed up the reaction by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to start. Without its substrate an enzyme is a slightly different shape. Metabolism refers to all the biochemical reactions that occur in a cell or organism. Color intensity is an indication of analyte level. When all substrates are used the reaction stops. Enzymes Quiz | Biology Quiz - Quizizz However, at some point enzyme activity will saturate, meaning it stops increasing, even if . The predominant rule is the clear and easy mode of observation of the enzyme reaction. 2. 2. Label the enzyme, substrate, active site, and products on diagram. without en Identify the part of the graph that shows: B IA a) L overall energy released during reaction b) Activation energy with enzyme Activation energy . There are different ways to determine the rate of a reaction. ___T___ If the shape of the enzyme changed, it would no longer work. Both reactions must occur for either to occur. It doesn't apply to all reactions. The Michaelis-Menten Constant | A-Level Biology Revision Notes Enzymes No. trypsin, chymotrypsin, papain). 18.7: Enzyme Activity - Chemistry LibreTexts 2. Of course, this substrate is chemically modified by the . _____ Enzymes change shape after a reaction occurs. The surface of a substrate joins with an enzyme where the enzyme and the substrate "fit" together, like pieces in a puzzle. Identify the part of the graph that shows: a) ___ Overall energy released during reaction. A substrate Add more substrate. Compare the activation energy with and without the enzyme. Equation (RE7.4-1) is of a form that is often used in the interpretation of initial rate data for enzymatic reactions involving two substrates. The study of bacterial metabolism focuses on the chemical diversity of substrate oxidations and dissimilation reactions (reactions by which substrate molecules are broken down), which normally function in bacteria to generate energy. An enzyme has an optimum pH range in which it exhibits maximum activity. 2. false: all enzymes are proteins made up of amino and but not all proteins are enzymes. Factors that disrupt protein structure include temperature and pH; factors that affect catalysts in general include reactant or substrate concentration and catalyst or enzyme concentration. As you increase the temperature the rate of reaction increases. For the substrate at 1 and 2 g of bended potato used, the maximum volume of oxygen gas evolved has reached within 300 seconds and a plateau is obtained. We sterilize objects by placing them in boiling water, which denatures the enzymes of any bacteria that may be in or on them. Enzymes may be denatured by extreme levels of hydrogen ions (whether high or low); any change in pH, even a small one, alters the degree of ionization of an enzymes acidic and basic side groups and the substrate components as well. The reaction can be stopped using appropriate stop solution (see below), producing a soluble yellow or soluble blue reaction product, depending upon the stop reagent used, which is stable for at least 1 hour.
What Is The Advantage Of Suspense Over Surprise?, Arcadia Baseball Coach, The Oppressor's Wrong, The Proud Man's Contumely, What Drivers Do Lpga Players Use?, Articles W