Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty. [51] The Enwang people who were fishing at Duke town saw the twins approaching and fled in terror saying "Mbiomo oduk ine"(English: A curse has befalling our fishing sites). In Cuba, the Ekoi are always evoked as early founders of the Abaku society,18 and their spirits are worshiped. [76] Palm wine is acquired by making an incision on the palm tree, a process known as "tapping". In its vastness, the Ekpe is a well structured society with semi-caste characteristics, in that, there are categories and titles which one may qualify to be initiated into, while others are strictly reserved for persons of certain status and backgrounds. Eye of the Needle - Ken Follett 2015-07-07 The worldwide phenomenon from the bestselling author of The Pillars of the Earth, World There are several theories regarding the origin of the Efik people. When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you, Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death, Joshua Project Efik of Nigeria Ethnic People Profile, Souvenir Programme of the Coronation Service of His Royal Highness Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V, Obong of Calabar and Paramount Ruler of the Efiks, Abridgement of the minutes of the evidence, "Souvenir programme of the Coronation of Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V", "Cross river as a model for the evolution of Benue-Congo nominal class/concord systems", https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092842/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/pa-effiong-ukpong-aye-1918-2012/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efik_people&oldid=1131332439, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 January 2023, at 17:46. [45] internal dissensions and population expansion led to the movement of several families from Creek Town to Obutong, Atakpa, Nsidung and Ekoretonko. Living in what is now Southeast Nigeria and Southwest Cameroon, the people were physically divided by British and German colonial holdings in Africa. [34] When the Uruan woman realised that Abasi had broken her axe, she insisted that the axe should be repaired. History The Ekoi people, while all speaking the same language, have not tended to live in complete unison. [6][7], The name Efik first appears in historical literature in the nineteenth century. Powered by, Ukara cloth detail, Etara community, Cross River State, Nigeria, Cross River Cultural Heritage: reports from home and from the African Diaspora, Introduction: Spirit Dancers, Water Deities & Mystics in the Cross River Basin and in Cuba, Upcoming film project: Seven year kp ritual cycle, Ntufam Bob Oku literature, music and drawings, Calabar Mgb International Journal / Revista Internacional, Calabar-Cuba Radio with Ene Ita and Ivor Miller, Manyu kp Funeral Rites in Yaounde, 2019, Ivor Miller research archive at Amherst College, Manyu kp procession in Yaound, March 29, 2019, Poster for funeral of Seseku Stephen Tataw (1948-2019), Tortoise shell instrument is played in the funerary procession, kp mask purifies the hearse before the procession begins, Funerary shrine representing the sacred forest of kp, kp members surround the shrine for the final rites. Among these secret societies were Ekpe, Obon and Nsibidi. The designs are part of a dynamic language known as nsibidi, which uses image and gestural performance to communicate knowledge guarded by society members. After the tapping process, the wine is left to ferment for five hours. The Ekpo/Ekpe society is a significant part of the Ibibio political system. [39] At Ndodoghi, the Efik priest-king Ema Atai Ema Atai died and was succeeded by his son Eyo Ema Atai Ema Atai Iboku. Walt Disney World at 50: The History of Disney's - Disney Matters These secret societies were used to uphold the legal decisions of the Council of Elders or of the community as a whole, they also ensured conformity in certain rituals and in social behaviour and undertook certain public works for the community (n.d.). ekpe society cameroon. Some of the oldest of these societies were Nyana Nyaku and Nsibidi. Originally, items such as onions (Oyim mbakara) was rare in Efik meals. She said as a member of the Ekpe Society of the Efiks, she participates in the Ekpe activities. In this light, the Cameroon National Council of Traditional Rulers would be a welcomed . Alternate titles: Egbo, Ekpo, Leopard society. The ethnic group to which most of the characters belong is the __________________people. [79] Ikpaya a royal type of gown also made from raffia. The practice and display of Ekpe masquerade have been modified. The Ekpe society may be regarded as one of the most important institutions among the Efik people. It is not just because of its spiritual or cultic functions but for the fact that the institution was a pre-colonial police judiciary system (Bassey, 1998). GitHub export from English Wikipedia. The Ekpe Masquerade - SlideShare The main proponents of what is described as "Palestinean origin" is Eyo Okon Akak who wrote the book, "The Palestine origin of the Efik". The Ekpe Masquerade Jun. The cloth is then dipped in indigo dye and hung to dry. Among these included Yams, Fufu and an unidentified type of black soup frequently mentioned in 19th century Old Calabar literature. Bell of King Eyo Honesty II at Creek Town, Ekeng ita (also known as James Henshaw), Obong of Henshaw Town (c.a 1875). (a) What are the Clowns trying to accomplish in this scene? One of the most important castes in this society is the jeli caste. The traditional attire for men usually consists of a white long-sleeved shirt, a long broad soft neckerchief or scarf of costly material (Efik: kpmkpm) and a wrapper tied around the waist (Efik: Usobo).[83]. [33] Abasi's husband insisted that the problem should be resolved by the chiefs. Ekpe cult, the leopard cult, and a male masquerade cult of the Efik, in cross river state of Nigeria, followed by Doomsday cult (prediction of total destruction of planet earth), then the. This is evident in a testimony by Isaac Parker, a ship-keeper who lived at Duke town in 1765 for 5 months. The Efik language was also spoken in several communities in Western Cameroon. The Ekpe Society is a religious and cultural institution among the Efik people, it can also be found among the Annang and the Ibibios. Imhotep was a revered personality as he was believed to be with super powers of healing and influencing people and affairs of the community. Some other clothings introduced into the market include smit, brutanya, isadh and nkisi. [9][38] The Adiabo group is believed to have left to their present location after the Mbiabo exodus. Nigeria and Cameroon (Lebialem and Manyu), Ekpe Society Resolutions from meeting held on September 16th 2011 in DC, Auto-Biography of Sisiku Emmanuel Ojong-Orock, Leader of Cameroonian Ekpe Lodge in Metropolitan DC. Her behavior at the board meeting was obsequious\mathit{obsequious}obsequious; for example, she actually offered to wash the company president's car! The Social Significance and Implications of the Ekpe - PhilArchive ekpe society cameroon - AllInsuranceInfo.org These missionaries together with King Eyo Honesty II brought several changes to Old Calabar society. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the ancestors ( ikan ). [43] Stephen D. Behrendt and Eric J. Graham revealed in a 2003 publication that by the time the first documented European sailing vessel arrived in 1625, the Efik had already settled at Creek Town and Old Town. [77] Women wore a number of brass rings on their legs and arms. [34], On leaving the Uruan country, the Efik migrated to Ikpa Ene which is nicknamed Akani Obio Efik(English: Old Efik island). One of such accounts was given at a court case by Prince Bassey Duke in 1917 where he stated, "The Efiks were originally Ibo descendants. [36] According to Aye, "Ikpa Ene could not carry the bulk of Iboku population, Ndodoghi had to accommodate what spilt over, and the two settlements, still under one rule, were separated by the left branch of the river which became their "inland sea". [77] The fibre of the leaf-stalk of a palm was made into a thread and woven to make clothes and bags. Nsibidi/Ekpuk Philosophy and Mysticism - Academia.edu It proved to be the source of supreme authority in all Efik towns, and its institutions provided, in the past, the highest court whose verdicts transcended all else. And it's a symbol in both. PDF Symbolic values of clothing and textiles art in traditional and identity. 16, 2014 3 likes 6,498 views Download Now Download to read offline Education Spiritual Technology A short description of the ancient Ekpe Masquerade and its cultural and spiritual significance, in the life of the people of the Cross River basin. The earliest proponent of the Igbo origin was William Baikie who stated in his 1856 publication, "All the coast dialects from One to Old Kalabar, are, either directly or indirectly, connected with Igbo, which later Dr Latham informs me is certainly related to the Kafir class". This is: After his "second birth", Waiyaki is brought to a sacred grove where: After the episode in the sacred grove, Waiyaki disappears from his home to: The two daughters of Joshua, Nyambura and Muthoni, have both been forbidden by their father to: Waiyaki tries to heal the conflict between the two ridges by: Waiyaki fails to achieve his goals because: The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Edge Reading, Writing and Language: Level C, David W. Moore, Deborah Short, Michael W. Smith. Charles Ekpo Arthur Jarvis University, Akpabuyo, Nigeria The Cross River region is a vast socio-cultural mosaic which accommodates peoples of distinct ethnic, religious, social, economic and. [46] On their exit from Obutong, they are believed to have sought the permission of Oku Atai to use the Ntinya. [65] Although the missionaries and rulers of Creek town and Duke town protested, their protests fell on deaf ears. [76], Prior to the introduction of European-styled clothing, the Efik wore loin clothes made of Raffia (Efik: Ndam). Determine the meaning of the italicized word in each sentence by examining the context. The story of The River Between by Ngugi wa Thiong'o, takes place in _________________ (name of present-day country) in the mid 1800's. Their king on the eastern Calabar coast was known as Ating Anua Efiom. Nair dates the arrival of the Efik towards the end of the seventeenth century or the beginning of the eighteenth century. Ndibo Yevengo- Abakua & Ekpe events; Cuba-Calabar Radio . Omissions? One theory asserts that Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai and other co-founders founded Obutong after one of Eyo Ema's people was killed during a wrestling match with Ukpong Atai at Creek town. [11] The bulk of the Enwang and Usukakpa are located in the present-day Akwa Ibom state. African art - Igbo | Britannica Also join us across all of our other channels - we love to be connected! Originally, the Efik obtained slaves by going to war with other communities or creating confusion in other communities. [41] Latham hypothesizes that the Efik may have arrived before the middle of the seventeenth century. [64] They insisted that Obutong be completely destroyed. In the culture we have discussed, the term dalilu refers to: an individual's personal power, knowledge, or ability, inborn but enhanced and developed through training and experience. A reconsideration of kp and Abaku suggests an agenda for the study of kp in diaspora from a different perspective. Efik society consists of various clans which were originally known as "Esien Efik itiaba" (English: Seven clans of Efik) and later known in the 21st century as "Esien Efik Duopeba" (English: Twelve clans of Efik). Instead, each settlement had its own lodge of the . The kp ("leopard") society represents an ancient African institution that provided the supreme functions of governance in the communal societies of the forest regions of the Cross-River basin and the hilly terrain to the east, in what is called today southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. Tanzania and the Art of Africa | JTArtRave Ekpe is a mysterious spirit who is supposed to live in the jungle and to preside at the ceremonies of the society. [69] On the appending of the Ekpe institution to its list of secret societies, the Ekpe society was reformed and adapted to suit the needs of the Efik people. The year 1841 marked the official signing of papers by Efik kings to stop the exportation of slaves from Old Calabar. They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community.. Ekpe members request nsibidi designs of personal or communal significance. Cow meat was also consumed but the Efik native cow was rarely eaten or milked by the Efik. Probably about 8000 BC one group reached Nigeria by an overland route and settled at Ibom (Arochuku) there they erected the famous shrine now known as the Long Juju of Arochuku. [22] This is further proven by Talbot who proves that other ethnicities appended the name "Eburutu" or "Oburutu" to their ethnic names. In addition to ritual propitiation of forest spirits to ensure the well-being of the community, this graded secret male society made and enforced laws by fines, capital punishment, or boycotts; judged cases; maintained internal peace; and served as the executive. an extraordinarily powerful woman, who can change herself into a buffalo, the proud oldest daughter of a king, who insists on being respected, enraged by her brother's refusal to give her the inheritance she feels she is owed, guilt-ridden for having killed many of her brother's people, and for having pushed her youngest sister too hard and too soon into magical power. The article was a not-so-deep exploration of indigenous African writing systems and languages. ""Hakuna Matata" (No More Worries) - Integrating - NSUWorks Objects and images in the exhibition courtesy of Dr. Eli Bentor. Posted on March 01, 2015 [51] When the twins were older, they left for the opposite end of the island to Duke town. Ekpe society was the first tribe to come up with this design and archaeologists have found traces of this fabric even in southwestern Cameroon. Ukara are made exclusively for members of the Ekpe society, an interethnic men's association found throughout southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon. Group members would disguise themselves as leopards, wearing leopard skins, carrying claw-like weapons, and attacking their prey. Hope Waddell, Foreign commerce soon brought Calabar affairs into such a state, that the want of a bond of union among the different families, and of a supreme authority to enforce peace and order between equals and rivals, became apparent; and the Egbo institution was adopted. Hall Fund. This exhibition, on view from April 18 to August 2, was organized by the Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College, and generously supported by the William B. Jaffe and Evelyn A. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as Among these laws were the Abolition of twin-killings, abolition of the esere bean ordeal, abolition of human sacrifices and several other practices. While some explorers describe the Efik as travellers who past through the Ibibio country, others assert that the Efik are of Ibibio stock. Nsbd: An Indigenous Language of Communication in the Cross River Some meals have been mentioned often in the 19th century historical literature of Old Calabar. Ekpe masquerade mimic the form of a lion or leopard moves. The tentative program is as follows: January 27th and 28th, 2012. [47] At the time of their exit from Creek town, the reigning monarch of Creek town was their half brother Oku Atai Atai Ema Atai. In modern-day Efik society, nyny is worn on various occasions such as weddings and traditional events. Sample Translation: The Sacred Language of the Abaku - JSTOR . [36] During weddings, the bride wears at least two different nyny. [38] It is believed that it was at Ndodoghi that many of the Abayen clan had died from crocodile attacks. It has a variety of different characters and is indigenous to areas of Southeastern Nigeria and . The kp 'Leopard' Society of Africa and its Cuban Diaspora: A Photo by Eli Bentor. They came from Mbiak Creek in Ibibio country. Animals such as goats, chicken and dogs are consumed in Efik cuisine. [53] Some of the kings have been identified in the past by Etubom Ukorebi Ukorebi Asuquo in Aye's Efik people. [32] Another theory states that there was a disagreement between an Efik woman known as Abasi and an Uruan woman. I'm a queer mom and my daughter has decided to attend an anti-gay Bible college. This site uses cookies to help personalize content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register. kp lodges ruled local communities while also managing regional and long-distance trade. [78] Raffia palm clothing (Efik: f Ndam) could also be exported from other communities especially when a community made the best raffia clothing. [76] Uffp (native gin) is distilled from palm wine and is sometimes mixed with the bark of Edat to increase the alcoholic content. Known generally as Ekpe, Egbo, Ngbe, or Ugbe among the multi-lingual groups in the region, these closed groups all used the leopard as a symbol of masculine prowess in war and political authority in their various communities. Refworld | Nigeria: A cult known as Ekpe na Mboko Black Spirituality / Religion - General Discussion, http://odinanilawsofnature.wordpress.com/2010/11/10/finding-god-in-nature/, http://tourismafricana.com/origin-history-ekpe-soceity.html. The term "Calabar people" was particularly popular prior to the nineteenth century and was synonymous to the Efik.[6]. These artists sew the white cloths with raffia thread so that parts of the ukara (in a pattern of nsibidi symbols) will not be exposed during the dyeing process. "[21] Jeffreys assertion regarding Eburutu being a single Ibibio clan is proven false by earlier definitions of Eburutu by Rev. The society is now seen as a fraternity along the masonic lines which tries to represent the interest of Efiks. They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community. Select search scope, currently: catalog all catalog, articles, website, & more in one search; catalog books, media & more in the Stanford Libraries' collections; articles+ journal articles & other e-resources Colonial Anthropologist M.D.W. All willing to engage respectfully are welcome. It became a truly multi-group society, finding its' way to almost all groups in the region and gaining dominance in . laja Tachiri Obi Ruo gwgw: O Nyefere lasha r Ya Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [32] The Efik having pity on these men gave them food and showed them hospitality. ,sister Watz. Nsibidi is a body of ideographic, abstract, and gestural signs deployed by the Ekpe society as a form of coded communication. [52] On the death of Chief Willy Tom Robins, a number of rituals were performed. Historians recognize the advent and rapid rise of Ekpe as a direct result of a need for a new and effective mechanism of sociopolitical control in the complex economic environment created by the Atlantic slave trade. EKPE = ABAKUA: The Voice of The Leopard - Chief Yagbe Awolowo Onilu [37] The Uruan invasion at Ikpa Ene is believed to be the origin of the Efik saying, "Ama okut Ibibio, ku n enye ika, Idem amasat Ibibio eyewot owo"(English: When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you). Infact; there can be no-gainsay of the USAK-EDET People (ISANGELE) being the originators of this highly acclaimed Ekpe Society that the EFIKS, led by EFFA EFFIWAT later on used in subduing their subjects of EFUTS, (i.e. [51] Nsutana was a dreaded island where twins were abandoned to die. They believed feasting on a human strengthened their bonds. After World War II, a movement called the _____ Movement was founded by such writers as Leopold Sedar Senghor and Leon Damas, to support using Western literary forms, while writing in African languages. It was found in operation among a tribe down the coast towards Camaroons, but was improved and extended in its new field of operations.[60]. [19], The Ibibio origin of the Efik is one of the most popular among scholars. Another account claimed that Efik people introduced the Ekpe between 1720 and 1729 during the initial migration of Calabar. [68] The society is believed to have been introduced in Calabar from Usahadet. [37] A captured invader confessed that they were set to retrieve royal emblems which they believed the Efik had taken with them when they left Uruan. For the first time in history, Ekpe had a presentation at the highest institution of cultural anthropology in the world, the Smithsonian Museum. You are using an out of date browser. I was very poorno job and I has no money to even feed and take care of myfamily I was confuse in life I dont know what to do I try allmy possible best to get money but no one work out for meeach day I share tears, I was just looking out my family nomoney to take care of them until one day I decided to jointhe great Illuminati , I come across them in the internet Inever believe I said let me try I email them.all what theysaid we happen in my life just started it was like a dream tome they really change my story totally . The Ogboni fraternity is said to have a strong affiliation to royalty, gerontological system of governance and the law enforcement of the community. Body art plays a major role in Ibibio art. History of the Ekpe masquerade and secret society of the Efik people [16] Baikie said Ibibio are traced to the Igbo. The economics of the society is based on paying tribute to the village ancestors. "[18] References to the Igbo origin of the Efik were also made at the Hart's enquiry into the Obongship dispute where Etubom Efiom Obo Effanga asserted that the term "Iboku" meant quarrelsome Igbos. Here are 8 prominent cults and secret societies in Africa [50] Okoho Efiom bore twins whose paternal parentage have often been debated. LEFT Omabe Eze sewing an ukara, Ezillo, southeastern Nigeria. cherryblossom wrote on WARRIOR's profile. Laws were passed to halt several practices regarded as unchristian. Jeffreys states that a disruption among the Okobo around the town of Ekeya in the Eket district led to the founding of Obutong. My party of 4 spent $400 at Space 220 in Disney World. through the Illuminati Iwas able to become rich, and have many industry on myown and become famous and popular in my country , todayme and my family is living happily and I am the mosthappiest man here is the opportunity for you to join theIlluminati and become rich and famous in life and be likeother people and you life we be change totally.If you areinterested in joining the great brotherhood Illuminati.thencontact him +2348106618681 or for more information +1(705)8062021 email:illuminatibrotherpowerful@gmail.com or you need my assistance email:danjerry04@gmail.com Shame to the Manyu people and great men o Manyu, that you as enlightened as I know will willfully distort a tradition that back dates as long as 400 to 800hundred. The Ekpe Masquerade Secret Cult of Efik People Of Nigeria The primary society is located in the Cross River, Akwa Ibom and Arochukwu areas of Nigeria, and the secondary society consists of members from the Southern and Eastern Igbo groups of the same country. What is a Free Agent "A free agent is one who isn't privileged with even one pure Leopard spiritline from the survivors of the Great Attempt. NSUWorks - Nova Southeastern University Institutional Repository Here's a look inside. [48] Jeffreys theory is unpopular with a large majority of the Efik. These Ngolo created the Ekpe society and invented the Nsibidi writing system in Usakadet (Isangele). Instead, each settlement had its own lodge of the initiation society called kp, or "leopard," which was the highest indigenous authority. Read More mask [71] Meals such as Iwewe were fed to children and old people with no teeth or fragile teeth. The version of Sunjata we have read is not the only version because: No version was ever written down by a skilled jeli, since Mande traditional society considers any story written down to be "dead". Other narratives at the Hart's enquiry do not make mention of the Efut. The Efik acted as the middlemen between the European vessels and the inland slave traders. In the culture we have discussed, the term fadenya refers to: the relationship between father and child, and half siblings - requiring self-assertion, independence, innovation, and competition. Although used exclusively by members of Ekpe, ukara is produced by a sub-group in a village of the Ezillo community in present-day Ebonyi State in the Igbo area in southeastern Nigeria. (PDF) Evaluating the Place of the Ekpe Traditional Institution as a [30][31] Another reason given by Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku asserts that the Uruan accused the Efik of wizardry and of being responsible for the frequent seizure of their children by crocodiles. Ivor Miller: The voice of the leopard is the main symbol of the Ekpe society of the Cross River region ofNigeria and Cameroon, which was re-created in colonial Cuba as the Abaku society. [1] Ekpe members always wear masks when performing their police duties, and although individuals may nonetheless be recognized, fear of retribution from the ikan stops people from accusing those members who may overstep their limits. Another account from the Qua claimed that Ekpe (Mgbe) migrated from Cameroon. An account from the Qua said the origin of the Ekpe people can be traced to Cameron.
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