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Le Plerinage La Mecque de Mansa Musa (724725/13241325) d'aprs des Nouvelles Sources", "The Big Secret of Celebrity Wealth (Is That No One Knows Anything)", The International Journal of African Historical Studies, "West African empires. [83] He is criticized for being unfaithful to tradition, and some of the jeliw regard Musa as having wasted Mali's wealth. [59], On his return journey, Musa met the Andalusian poet Abu Ishaq al-Sahili, whose eloquence and knowledge of jurisprudence impressed him, and whom he convinced to travel with him to Mali. Musa made his pilgrimage between 1324 and 1325 spanning 2,700 miles. Ibn Battuta comments on festival demonstrations of swordplay before the mansa by his retainers including the royal interpreter. Only sofa were equipped by the state, using bows and poisoned arrows. The identification of Niani as imperial capital is rooted in an (possibly erroneous) interpretation of the Arab traveler al Umari's work, as well as some oral histories. Nobody lived in the area except the Musafa servants who worked to dig the salts and lived on dates imported from Sijilmasa and the Dar'a valley, camel meat and millet imported from the Sudan. Mansa Sandaki Keita, a descendant of kankoro-sigui Mari Djata Keita, deposed Maghan Keita II, becoming the first person without any Keita dynastic relation to officially rule Mali. In the early 15th century, Mali was still powerful enough to conquer and settle new areas. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. His elaborate pilgrimage to the Muslim holy city of Mecca in 1324 introduced him to rulers in the Middle East and in Europe. Several 21st century historians have firmly rejected Niani as a capital candidate based on a lack of archaeological evidence of significant trade activity, clearly described by Arab visitors, particularly during the 14th century, Mali's golden age. King of Kings in the Mandinka language a reference to a great ruler in the Mali Empire of ancient Africa. In Ibn Khaldun's account, Sundjata is recorded as Mari Djata with "Mari" meaning "Amir" or "Prince". [14], Medieval sources are divided over whether Mali is the name of a town or a region. According to Ibn Battuta who visited Mali in the mid-14th century, one camel load of salt sold at Walata for 810 mithqals of gold, but in Mali proper it realised 2030 ducats and sometimes even 40. [126], The Kouroukan Fouga also put in place social and economic reforms including prohibitions on the maltreatment of prisoners and slaves, installing documents between clans which clearly stated who could say what about whom. Mali borrowed the practice to stem inflation of the substance, since it was so prominent in the region. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/video/2147/mansa-musa-family-tree--empire-of-mali/. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. Alternate titles: Kankan Ms, Mansa Musa, Mousa, Musa. [11][12] The version recorded by medieval Arab geographers is Mali (Arabic: , romanized:Ml). Scholars have located the capital in Niani, or somewhere on the Niger, or proposed that it changed several times, that there was no true capital, or even that it lay as far afield as the upper Gambia River in modern-day Senegal. [86] After Sakura's death, power returned to the line of Sunjata, with Wali's son Qu taking the throne. His reign saw the first in a string of many great losses to Mali. [15], Musa ascended to power in the early 1300s[i] under unclear circumstances. After unsuccessful attempts by Mansa Mama Maghan to conquer Bamana, the Bamana in 1670 sacked and burned the capital, and the Mali Empire rapidly disintegrated and ceased to exist, being replaced by independent chiefdoms. [16] However, al-Umari gives Mali as the name of the capital province and Ibn Khaldun refers to Mali as a people, with each giving different names for the capital city itself. Ms Is pilgrimage caravan to Mecca in 1324 comprised some 60,000 people and an immeasurable amount of gold. After many years in exile, first at the court of Wagadou and then at Mema, Sundiata was sought out by a Niani delegation and begged to combat the Sosso and free the kingdoms of Manden forever. Grades 5 - 8 Subjects Geography, Human Geography, Social Studies, Ancient Civilizations, World History Image Timbuktu, Henrich Barth Painting The fame of Mansa Musa and his phenomenal wealth spread as he traveled on his hajj to Mecca. The final incarnation of the Gbara, according to the surviving traditions of northern Guinea, held 32 positions occupied by 28 clans. The date of Mahmud's death and identity of his immediate successor are not recorded, and there is a gap of 65 years before another mansa's identity is recorded. Therefore, Arabic visitors may have assigned the "capital" label merely to whatever major city the mansa was based out of at the time of their visit. Historians who lived during the height and decline of the Mali Empire consistently record its standing army peaking at 100,000, with 10,000 of that number being made up of cavalry. World History Encyclopedia, 17 Oct 2020. [88], Mansa Musa is renowned for his wealth and generosity. [12] However, these hypotheses have been rejected by locals and are inconsistent with the apparent cognate status of Mali and Mand.[19]. by UsefulCharts. Mansa Musa was immensely wealthy (whether he can be regarded as personally wealthy or wealthy because he controlled the gold mines of Mali is, of course, a . Musa stayed in Cairo for three months, departing on 18 October[k] with the official caravan to Mecca. [93] It is during his reign that Fula raids on Takrur began. [108] Alvise Cadamosto, a Venetian explorer, recorded that the Mali Empire was the most powerful entity on the coast in 1454. Duties of the farba included reporting on the activities of the territory, collecting taxes and ensuring the native administration didn't contradict orders from Niani. [89][85] Contemporary Arabic sources may have been trying to express that Musa had more gold than they thought possible, rather than trying to give an exact number. [20] For the later period of the Mali Empire, the major written primary sources are Portuguese accounts of the coastal provinces of Mali and neighboring societies.[21]. Bukar professed his support, but believing Mahmud's situation to be hopeless, secretly went over to the Moroccans. Musa is known for his wealth and generosity. [d], Musa's father was named Faga Leye[12] and his mother may have been named Kanku. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. While in Mecca, conflict broke out between a group of Malian pilgrims and a group of Turkic pilgrims in the Masjid al-Haram. [90] CelebrityNetWorth has been criticized for the unreliability of its estimates. [70] However, once Sundiata did gain use of his legs he grew strong and very respected. Swords were drawn, but before the situation escalated further, Musa persuaded his men to back down. Three bowmen supporting one spearman was the ratio in Kaabu and the Gambia by the mid-16th century. [11][b] In Mand tradition, it was common for one's name to be prefixed by their mother's name, so the name Kanku Musa means "Musa, son of Kanku", although it is unclear if the genealogy implied is literal. UsefulCharts, . What is evident is that there is no steady lineage governing the empire. Mansa Ms, either the grandson or the grandnephew of Sundiata, the founder of his dynasty, came to the throne in 1307. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. [41] A particular challenge lies in interpreting early Arabic manuscripts, in which, without vowel markings and diacritics, foreign names can be read in numerous different ways (e.g. With a global population of some 11 million, the Mandinka are the best-known ethnic group of the Mande peoples, all of whom speak different dialects of the Mande language. The family tree of Mansa Musa. During the peak of the kingdom, Mali was extremely wealthy. In the event of conquest, farins took control of the area until a suitable native ruler could be found. Musa embarked on a large building program, raising mosques and madrasas in Timbuktu and Gao. Following the death of Sundiata Keita in c. 1255, the kings of Mali were referred to by the title mansa. An army was required to guard the borders to protect its flourishing trade. Log in, Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window). The salt was dug from the ground and cut into thick slabs, two of which were loaded onto each camel where they would be taken south across the desert to Oualata and sold. In addition, the moral and religious principles he had taught his subjects endured after his death. In 1534, Mahmud III, the grandson of Mahmud II, received another Portuguese envoy to the Mali court by the name of Pero Fernandes. He is believed to be one of the richest individuals to have walked on this planet. The architectural crafts in Granada had reached their zenith by the fourteenth century, and its extremely unlikely that a cultured and wealthy poet would have had anything more than a dilettante's knowledge of the intricacies of contemporary architectural practice. If Dakajalan was, in fact, situated near Kangaba, this may also have contributed to their conflation, beginning with Delafosse's speculation that the latter may have begun as a suburb of the former. Web. Free warriors from the south came armed with bows and poisonous arrows. Gold, copper, and salt were a major source of income in the 12th century and the empire happened to be blessed with it, even more as it expanded. These farbas would rule their old kingdoms in the name of the mansa with most of the authority they held prior to joining the empire. [136] While it was as good as gold in the north, it was even better in the south. In the first millennium BC, early cities and towns were created by Mande peoples related to the Soninke people, along the middle Niger River in central Mali, including at Dia which began from around 900 BC, and reached its peak around 600 BC,[52] and Djenne-Djenno, which lasted from around 250 BC to 900 AD. Mansa Souleyman Keita died in 1360 and was succeeded by his son, Camba Keita. As a result of steady tax revenue and stable government beginning in the last quarter of the 13th century, the Mali Empire was able to project its power throughout its own extensive domain and beyond. However, from 1507 onwards neighboring states such as Diara, Great Fulo and the Songhai Empire chipped away at the outer borders of Mali. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. [citation needed]. [110] Meanwhile, Songhai seized the salt mines of Taghazza in 1493. Musa I (c. 1280 - 1337), better known as Mansa Musa, was the ninth mansa of the Mali Empire.Widely considered to have been the wealthiest person in known history (some sources measuring his wealth at around $400 billion adjusted to inflation), his vast wealth was used to attract scholars, merchants and architects to Mali, establishing it as a beacon of Islamic trade, culture and learning. The Rock art in the Sahara suggests that northern Mali has been inhabited since 10,000 BC, when the Sahara was fertile and rich in wildlife. [4] Much of the recorded information about the Mali Empire comes from 14th-century Tunisian historian Ibn Khaldun, 14th-century Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta and 16th-century Andalusian traveller Leo Africanus. Mansa Musa also known as Musa I of Mali and was the ninth Islamic ancient Emperor of West Africa in a kingdom known as the Mali Empire. [8] Mansa, 'ruler'[9] or 'king'[10] in Mand, was the title of the ruler of the Mali Empire. After a mere nine months of rule, Mansa Camba Keita was deposed by one of Maghan Keita I's three sons. [114] However, the Songhai do not maintain their hold on the Malian capital. In 1645, the Bamana attacked Manden, seizing both banks of the Niger right up to Niani. The Mali Empire (Manding: Mand or Manden; Arabic: , romanized: Ml) was an empire in West Africa from c. 1226 to 1670. Ag-Amalwal. He was an extremely successful military leader [27] The date of Musa's birth is unknown, but he still appeared to be a young man in 1324. [145] Another common weapon of Mandekalu warriors was the poison javelin used in skirmishes. The Mali Empire covered a larger area for a longer period of time than any other West African state before or since. CREDITS: Chart/Narration: Matt Baker Research/Artwork: From Nothing Team Editing: Jack Rackam Intro animation: Syawish Rehman Intro music: "Lord of the Land" by Kevin MacLeod and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution license 4.0. Among these are references to "Pene" and "Malal" in the work of al-Bakri in 1068,[53][54] the story of the conversion of an early ruler, known to Ibn Khaldun (by 1397) as Barmandana,[55] and a few geographical details in the work of al-Idrisi. In the 17th year of his reign (1324), he set out on his famous pilgrimage to Mecca. World History Encyclopedia. [120], The old core of the empire was divided into three spheres of influence. He also states that Djata or "Jatah" means "lion". [122] They targeted Moroccan pashas still in Timbuktu and the mansas of Manden. But the Mali Empire built by his predecessors was too strong for even his misrule and it passed intact to Musa's brother, Souleyman Keita in 1341. Mansa Musa came from his country with 80 loads of gold dust (tibr), each load weighing three qintars. This trend would continue into colonial times against Tukulor enemies from the west.[121]. He left Kanku Musa, a grandson of Sunjata's brother Mande Bori, in charge during his absence. [32] When he did not return, Musa was crowned as mansa himself, marking a transfer of the line of succession from the descendants of Sunjata to the descendants of his brother Abu Bakr. [66], Timbuktu soon became the center of trade, culture, and Islam; markets brought in merchants from Hausaland, Egypt, and other African kingdoms, a university was founded in the city (as well as in the Malian cities of Djenn and Sgou), and Islam was spread through the markets and university, making Timbuktu a new area for Islamic scholarship. Mansa Musa was an important ruler of the golden age of the Malink kingdom, based on the upper Niger River in Mali, West Africa. They founded the first village of the Manding, Kirikoroni, then Kirina, Siby, Kita. [20] Arab interest in the Mali Empire declined after the Songhai conquered the northern regions of the empire which formed the primary contact between Mali and the Arab world. Nelson, 1971. Mansa Musa brought architects and scholars from across the Islamic world into his kingdom, and the reputation of the Mali kingdom grew. Mansa Abu Bakr II had departed on a large fleet of ships to explore the Atlantic Ocean, and never returned.Mansa Musa inherited a kingdom that was already wealthy, but his work in expanding trade made Mali the wealthiest kingdom in Africa. [70] Little is known of him except that he only reigned two years. Certainly, his descendants were Muslim, and many went on pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj), and Keita's most famous descendent, Mansa Musa, dazzled Egypt and the Islamic world on his lavish pilgrimage east. [60] Other scholars whom Musa brought to Mali included Maliki jurists. The historian al-Umar, who visited Cairo 12 years after the emperors visit, found the inhabitants of this city, with a population estimated at one million, still singing the praises of Mansa Ms. [56] Musa and his entourage lingered in Mecca after the last day of the hajj. In the 1450s, Portugal began sending raiding parties along the Gambian coast. [61], According to the Tarikh al-Sudan, the cities of Gao and Timbuktu submitted to Musa's rule as he traveled through on his return to Mali. The Songhai Empire had fallen to the Saadi Sultanate of Morocco eight years earlier, and Mahmud sought to take advantage of their defeat by trying to capture Jenne. However, many believe Mansa Musa's wealth outdoes that of all modern billionaires. Included in al-Qalqashandi's quotation of al-'Umari, but not in any manuscript of al-'Umari's text itself, which only list thirteen provinces despite saying there are fourteen. [52][55], Musa's generosity continued as he traveled onwards to Mecca, and he gave gifts to fellow pilgrims and the people of Medina and Mecca. In search of a status discourse for Mande". While the accounts are of limited length, they provide a fairly good picture of the empire at its height. His generous gifts to Mamluk Egypt and his expenditure of gold caused significant inflation in Egypt. Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali) was the king of the ancient empire of Mali in West Africa. He never took the field again after Kirina, but his generals continued to expand the frontier, especially in the west where they reached the Gambia River and the marches of Tekrur. This website claims no authorship of this content; we are republishing it for educational purposes. By 1180 it had even subjugated Wagadou forcing the Sonink to pay tribute. The bow figured prominently in Mandinka warfare and was a symbol of military force throughout the culture. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. The Joma area, governed from Siguiri, controlled the central region, which encompassed Niani. [87] The figure of Fajigi combines both Islam and traditional beliefs. . published on 17 October 2020. [42] Another source of income for Mali during Musa's reign was taxation of the copper trade. Imperial Mali's horsemen also used iron helmet and mail armour for defence[146] as well as shields similar to those of the infantry. [75] When the campaigning was done, his empire extended 1,000 miles (1,600km) east to west with those borders being the bends of the Senegal and Niger rivers respectively. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. [97] Though this has been described as having "wrecked" Egypt's economy,[85] the historian Warren Schultz has argued that this was well within normal fluctuations in the value of gold in Mamluk Egypt. While Musa's palace has since vanished, the university and mosque still stand in Timbuktu today. [102], The Songhai settlement effectively shook off Mali's authority in 1375. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. This was due to the tax on trade in and out of the empire, along with all the gold Mansa Musa had. The empire taxed every ounce of gold, copper and salt that entered its borders. Like two mansolu (rulers of Mali) before him, Ms I undertook the hajj as an act of devotion in line with Islamic tradition. Answer (1 of 3): The same thing that happened to anybody else's wealth in history: it was spent, looted, donated, or otherwise distributed. What made this possible was the decentralised nature of administration throughout the state. The emperor himself rode on horseback and was directly preceded by 500 enslaved persons, each carrying a gold-adorned staff. [111] This envoy from the Portuguese coastal port of Elmina arrived in response to the growing trade along the coast and Mali's now urgent request for military assistance against Songhai. Mansa Musa began extending the shores of the empire alongside amassing great wealth and riches. Today, his net worth is estimated to have been $400 billion. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Mansa Musa (died 1337), king of the Mali empire in West Africa, is known mostly for his fabulous pilgrimage to Mecca and for his promotion of unity and prosperity within Mali. Mali flourished especially when Timbuktu came under Mansa Musa's control. Mansa Souleyman Keita (or Suleiman) took steep measures to put Mali back into financial shape, thereby developing a reputation for miserliness. [83] This term was used interchangeably with dinar, though it is unclear if coined currency was used in the empire. Consequently, the name of Mali and Timbuktu appeared on 14th century world maps. Sandaki likely means High Counsellor or Supreme Counsellor, from san or sanon (meaning "high") and adegue (meaning counsellor). to 1337 C.E. https://www.worldhistory.org/video/2147/mansa-musa-family-tree--empire-of-mali/. [102] The text of Ibn Khaldun says "Gao, at this time is devastated". [69] The university became a center of learning and culture, drawing Muslim scholars from around Africa and the Middle East to Timbuktu. The new Songhai Empire conquered Mema,[93] one of Mali's oldest possessions, in 1465. The Camara (or Kamara) are said to be the first family to have lived in Manding, after having left, due to the drought, Ouallata, a region of Wagadou, in the south-east of present-day Mauritania. They are descendants of. [113], In 1544 or 1545,[f] a Songhai force led by kanfari Dawud, who would later succeed his brother Askia Ishaq as ruler of the Songhai Empire, sacked the capital of Mali and purportedly used the royal palace as a latrine. The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay: Life in Medieval Africa By Patricia McKissack, Fredrick McKissack Page 60, "The richest person who ever lived had unimaginable wealth. However, his riches are only one part of his legacy, and he is also remembered for his Islamic faith, promotion of scholarship, and patronage of culture in Mali. However, territories that were crucial to trade or subject to revolt would receive a farba. CREDITS: Chart/Narration: Matt Baker. Mansa Musa Keita was succeeded by his son, Maghan Keita I, in 1337. [70][141] With the help of the river clans, this army could be deployed throughout the realm on short notice. [22] Oral tradition, as performed by the jeliw (sg. [116] Songhai authority over Bendugu and Kala declined by 1571, and Mali may have been able to reassert some authority over them. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. [3] During the 11th and 12th centuries, an empire began to develop following the decline of the Ghana Empire, or Wagadu, to the north. [86] Fajigi is remembered as having traveled to Mecca to retrieve ceremonial objects known as boliw, which feature in Mand traditional religion. It is not known if this was an attempt to correct the depreciation of gold in the area due to his spending,[7] or if he had simply run out of the funds needed for the return trip. Between 1324 - 1325, Mansa Musa . The mansa could also replace a farba if he got out of control, as in the case of Diafunu. Musa is known for his wealth and generosity. It was this pilgrimage that awakened the world to the stupendous wealth of Mali. Mans third spouse tells court he was a despot, Woman describes treatment in Aguanga torture trial, Social worker: Children in torture case appeared happy, healthy, Calif. torture trial airs family horror stories, Polygamist who tortured his family is sentenced to 7 life terms, Aguanga man to serve seven life sentences, Emerging from a notorious hell of abuse to counsel others, Laura Cowan, Mansa Musa Muhummed: Sex, Torture, Beatings In Muslim Cult, Former Polygamy Wife Speaks Out On Justice By Any Means. [70] Both of these men were part of Mali's warrior elite known as the ton-ta-jon-ta-ni-woro ("sixteen carriers of quivers"). He ruled between 707-732/737 according to the Islamic calendar (AH), which translates to 1307-1332/1337 CE. Mansa Musa Family Tree | Empire of Mali. The University of Sankore in Timbuktu was restaffed under Musa's reign with jurists, astronomers, and mathematicians. The reign of Mari Djata Keita II was ruinous and left the empire in bad financial shape, but the empire itself passed intact to the dead emperor's brother. It was reported that he built a mosque every Friday. Al-Umari, who wrote down a description of Mali based on information given to him by Abu Said 'Otman ed Dukkali (who had lived 35 years in the capital), reported the realm as being square and an eight-month journey from its coast at Tura (at the mouth of the Senegal River) to Muli. According to the records of Ibn Battuta,[138][139] copper which traded in bars was mined from Takedda in the north and traded in the south for gold. In 1324, while staying in Cairo during his hajj, Mansa Musa, the ruler of the Mali Empire, told an Egyptian official whom he had befriended that he had come to rule when his predecessor led a fleet in an attempt to cross the Atlantic Ocean and never returned. Via one of the royal ladies of his court, Musa transformed Sankore from an informal madrasah into an Islamic university. The mansa also made a successful hajj, kept up correspondence with Morocco and Egypt and built an earthen platform at Kangaba called the Camanbolon where he held court with provincial governors and deposited the holy books he brought back from Hedjaz. While on the hajj, he met the Andalusian poet and architect es-Saheli. [39], The identity of the capital city of the Mali Empire is a matter of dispute among historians. He became emperor in 1307. He has sometimes been called the wealthiest person in history. Another testimony from Ibn Khaldun describes the grand pilgrimage of Mansa Musa consisting of 12,000 slaves: "He made a pilgrimage in 724/1324 []. Mansa Mss prodigious generosity and piety, as well as the fine clothes and exemplary behaviour of his followers, did not fail to create a most-favourable impression. [45] Those animals included 80 camels which each carried 23136kg (50300lb) of gold dust. He had so much gold that during his hajj to Mecca, the Mansa passed out gold to all the poor along the way. UsefulCharts, . [40] In fact, there is a conspicuous absence of archaeological samples of any kind from Niani dated to the late 13th through early 15th centuries, suggesting that Niani may have been uninhabited during the heyday of the Mali Empire. Rulers of West African states had made pilgrimages to Mecca before Mansa Ms, but the effect of his flamboyant journey was to advertise both Mali and Mansa Ms well beyond the African continent and to stimulate a desire among the Muslim kingdoms of North Africa, and among many of European nations as well, to reach the source of this incredible wealth. The Gbara or Great Assembly would serve as the Mandinka deliberative body until the collapse of the empire in 1645. Ms I is widely considered the wealthiest man in history. This process was essential to keep non-Manding subjects loyal to the Manding elites that ruled them. [85] He went on the hajj during the reign of Mamluk sultan an-Nasir Muhammad (12981308) and was killed in Tajura on his way back to Mali. [79] Some oral traditions agree with Ibn Khaldun in indicating that a son of Sunjata, named Yerelinkon in oral tradition and Wali in Arabic, took power as Sunjata's successor. Inside the world's wealthiest", "Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali) | National Geographic Society", "The 25 richest people who ever lived inflation adjusted", "Civilization VI the Official Site | News | Civilization VI: Gathering Storm Mansa Musa Leads Mali", International Journal of African Historical Studies, "Searching for History in The Sunjata Epic: The Case of Fakoli", "chos d'Arabie. The second account is that of the traveller Ibn Battuta, who visited Mali in 1352. Sadly for Sundjata, this did not occur before his father died. Musa was a very successful military leader. Around 1550, Mali attacked Bighu in an effort to regain access to its gold. "LEAD: International: The History of Guinea-Bissau", "Four People Who Single-handedly Caused Economic Crises", "Lessons from Timbuktu: What Mali's Manuscripts Teach About Peace | World Policy Institute", "Mossi (12501575 AD) DBA 2.0 Variant Army List", "The history of Africa Peul and Toucouleur", "Africa and Slavery 15001800 by Sanderson Beck", "How the Mali Empire in the 12th century revolved levels of governance", Trade, Transport, Temples, and Tribute: The Economics of Power, "Gold, Islam and Camels: The Transformative Effects of Trade and Ideology", "Power and permanence in precolonial Africa: a case study from the central Sahel", "Recherches sur l'Empire du Mali au Moyen Age", "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia", "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires", Metropolitan Museum Empires of the Western Sudan: Mali Empire, Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa 13251354, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mali_Empire&oldid=1142808910, Identification disputed; possibly no fixed capital, Yantaar or Kel Antasar: Located in the vicinity of the, Tn Ghars or Yantar'ras: Correspond to the modern, This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 13:53.