Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. 2. "Italian food is the best of the European cuisines.". The theory was first introduced in his 1957 book A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance and further elaborated in the article Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance (Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959). If the results of our experiment are to be taken as strong corroboration of the theory of cognitive dissonance, this possible alternative explanation must be dealt with. One might expect: that, in the Twenty Dollar condition, having been paid more, they would try to do a better job of it than in the One Dollar condition. There is another possible way, however. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson. This means you're free to copy, share and adapt any parts (or all) of the text in the article, as long as you give appropriate credit and provide a link/reference to this page. The first area is whether the tasks were interesting and enjoyable at all. Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? Patrick is very proud of his Irish heritage and thinks of himself as an Irish American. As long as people are not paid a lot of money or given some other obvious inducement to perform the behavior, they will convince themselves it is enjoyable.
Description of Study These made them question what the real purpose of the study is. The content of what the S said after the girl made the above-mentioned remark. When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs. He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill.
Classics in the History of Psychology -- Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) (The secretary had left the office.) In each group, the confederates wore identical glasses, with the participant/subject wearing a different set of glasses. And, indeed, in the Control condition the average rating was -.45, somewhat on the negative side of the neutral point. in order to reduce dissonance. According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______. Cognitive Dissonance refers to the discomfort that is felt when a person has two beliefs that conflict with each other, or when they are engaging in . About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . Kelman (1953), in the previously mentioned study, in attempting to explain the unexpected finding that the persons who complied in the moderate reward condition changed their opinion more than in the high reward condition, also proposed the same kind of explanation. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Which method of attitude formations is involved in this example? However, when she doesn't get time to study, she cheats on her history test. Subjects in both groups typically agreed to tell the next subject that the experiment was interesting. Three conditions were run, Control, One Dollar, and Twenty Dollars as follows: If the S hesitated, the E said things like, "It will only take a few minutes," "The regular person is pretty reliable; this is the first time he has missed," or "If we needed you we could phone you a day or two in advance; if you couldn't make it of course, we wouldn't expect you to come." 0000000658 00000 n His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion? Which of the following represents the cognitive component of an attitude? They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as Her improved performance is an example of. This is an example of_______ cause. The other fraction was given the option to take the place of the experimenter, which required them to give an interesting explanation to the next group. One S (in the One Dollar condition), immediately after having talked to the girl, demanded her phone number saying he would call her and explain things, and also told the E he wanted to wait until she was finished so he could tell her about it. A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. Only recently has there been any experimental work related to this question. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. Twenty Dollar condition. The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. Therefore the person's attitude changes. They did not have to change their attitudes to lie because the money served as ample justification (Cognitive Dissonance). Dr. Nekita Fuller Nicole will probably experience. In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell . The S worked at this task for another half hour. The text in this article is licensed under the Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Cognitive dissonance is when we experience conflicting thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes. Based on experiments by Festinger and Carlsmith, the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors. are learned through experiences and contact with others, Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. The self-fulfilling prophecy is a negative outcome of______. %PDF-1.5 The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable Rating scale 0 to 10. 0000094931 00000 n Scott, W. A. /N 8 /L 680077 Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. You have created 2 folders. The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution. 0000010660 00000 n What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? Selena is trying to get her boyfriend to wash the dishes for her. $20 in the 1950s was equivalent to over $100 now. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson In Asian cultures, people tend to explain the behavior of others as a result of______. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith (1959) conducted an experiment entitled "Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance". We would also like to acknowledge the help of Ruth Smith and Marilyn M. Miller. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. The participants were asked to carry out series of monotonous tasks that were meant to be boring and nonsensical. A fraction of the participants (the control group) was thanked and let go after an interview. correct. 0000000015 00000 n What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. Psychologists familiar with dissonance theory said just the opposite. They choose among the available experiments by signing their names on a sheet posted on the bulletin board which states the nature of the experiment. _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. endstream Let us review these briefly: 1. The results from this question are shown in the last row of Table 1. It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. The five ratings were: 1. Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted a series of experiments called Asch conformity to study how the behavior of a certain group influence the behav Normative conformity is most commonly referred to as peer pressure, and is prevalent in our present society. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as. bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. They will decide they wanted to do it anyway, or that maybe it was a good idea, in retrospect. <> moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. All experimental Ss in both One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions were asked, after this explanation, to return the money they had [p. 207] been given. "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". All Ss, without exception, were quite willing to return the money. xref KING, B.T. To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her? 0000013918 00000 n The average rating in this condition is only -.05, slightly and not significantly higher than the Control condition. But nevertheless, the possibility exists that the Ss n the One Dollar condition may have improvised more. Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). Why this might have been the case is, of course, not immediately apparent. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. On the other hand, the people who were paid $20 had the monetary reason to lie. This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. Sandy was using_______ processing. When experimenters asked later for the truth, the highly paid subjects said the experiment was actually boring. The average ratings on this question, presented in the first row of figures in Table 1, are the results most important to the experiment. OF A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. After completing the tasks, the participants were asked to persuade another student (who were already informed of the experiment confederates) into agreeing to participate. Leon Festinger's 1957 cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we act to reduce the disharmony, or dissonance, of our conflicting feelings. Check out our quiz-page with tests about: Explorable.com (Nov 21, 2010). Typically the behavior is in the past, by the time the person feels dissonance, so the behavior cannot be changed. Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. Five Ss (three in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) indicated in the interview that they were suspicious about having been paid to tell the girl the experiment was fun and suspected that that was the real purpose of the experiment. The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. This point will be discussed further in connection with the results. You tell your roommate she probably would not have said that if she had attended class the day the instructor discussed the topic of. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. We tend to _____ attractive people more than we do less attractive people. When members of a cult are trying to enlist a new recruit, they start by asking the recruit to make a small commitment, such as attending a short meeting or helping out at a social function.