[58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. 2015;140:23646. 2012;21:6209. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. [84] and Sharma et al. 2003;80:177. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. PubMed Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. PubMed Central PubMed The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. Merola et al. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. 2017;52:23947. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. BMJ. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. 2006;5:389. This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. World J Biol Chem. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. Motawi et al. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011;343:5224. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Bioelectromagnetics. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. Int J Hyg Environ Health. statement and 2005;25:10190201. Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2008;86:718. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. Im HI, Kenny PJ. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. 2014;53:22230. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. Trends Neurosci. 2012;25:1828. Cancer Res. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. J Sleep Res. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. 1994;15:95104. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. 2015;51:15865. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. Google Scholar. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. 2014;12:75. [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. Chin J Birth Health Hered. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. Brain Res. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. 2016;53:210011. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. Brain Res Rev. Cosquer et al. Terms and Conditions, To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. Synapse. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. 2009;64:2314. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Pathophysiology. 2011;18:32533. Specifically, the Federal Communications . The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. Brain Res. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. Behav Brain Res. 2009;4:e4389. 2012;3:3440. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. 1994;10:13548. 2010;2010. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. Bioelectromagnetics. Neuroreport. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. 1984;5:6370. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Microwave Radiation Effects on Humans - JSTOR Chin J Radiol Med Prot. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. Long term and excessive use of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation alter microRNA expression in brain. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. Exp Neurobiol. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. Sanders AP, Joines WT. Neuroreport. Lai et al. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. Int J Radiat Biol. Professor, Asst Director at VIT J Med Food. Bioelectromagnetics. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. Dasdag et al. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. CAS Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. Singh et al. Cassel et al. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. Article [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. PDF Possible effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on Human Health The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Annu Rev Physiol. 2010;473:525. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. Othman et al. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation - Overview | Occupational Safety The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. 2011;31:2293301. radiation with wavelengths. Acta Pharmacol Sin. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. Mol Cell Biol. Neurol Sci. 2003;14:2436. Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons.
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